[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults]. / Sindrom defitsita vnimaniya s giperaktivnost'yu u vzroslykh.

The article presents a review of scientific publications devoted to the study of the characteristics of the clinical picture and the dynamics of the main symptoms in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The authors present current data on the prevalence of this disease, leading clinical manifestations and the most common comorbid pathology. Research data on the impact of ADHD in adulthood on educational and professional activities are presented, and the economic and criminological aspects of ADHD are considered. The main methods of psychotherapeutic correction and pharmacological therapy are presented.

[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Sindrom defitsita vnimaniya i giperaktivnosti u detei i podrostkov: uroki pandemii COVID-19.

To limit the spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19, which has received the status of a pandemic, a lockdown was temporarily introduced. In conditions of isolation, children and adolescents suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were faced with forced changes in their daily routine in the form of a transition to distance learning, a decrease in physical activity, an increase in time in front of TV screens/computer monitors/tablets, etc. The review provides current evidence on the associations between social restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with ADHD. The main factors that can influence the severity of the disease in children and adolescents are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the role of parental behavior and its influence on the manifestations of ADHD in children in isolation. The results of numerous observations and online surveys of relatives and children suffering from ADHD have demonstrated a multidirectional trajectory of the disease depending on numerous factors, including relationships with parents and immediate family. Despite the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the effects of isolation during critical periods of childhood have the potential to increase the burden of mental illness. Treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic should be pathogenetic, taking into account the main symptoms of the disease. When choosing pharmacotherapy, priority should be given to drugs with verified effectiveness and a reliable safety profile.

[Cognitive impairment in children with organic asthenic disorder]. / Kognitivnye narusheniya u detei s organicheskim astenicheskim rasstroistvom.

OBJECTIVE: To study cognitive impairment and neurophysiological characteristics in children with organic asthenia, as well as the effectiveness of the drug Cogitum in the treatment of this pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main study group included 40 children aged 8 to 10 years with a diagnosis of «Organic asthenic disorder¼ (F06.6). The control group consisted of 30 children aged 8 to 10 years without manifestations of asthenia. The following research methods were used in the work: the asthenic state scale (ASS) by L.D. Malkova to assess the severity of asthenic syndrome, the S. Lee «SCT¼ (sluggish cognitive tempo) scale to assess manifestations of low cognitive tempo, the «Random Access Memory¼ method to quantify working memory, the TOVA (The Test of Variables of Attention) computer test to quantify assessment of attention disorders and impulsivity level, electroencephalogram (routine and spectral analysis) (p<0.05). For the treatment of patients from the study group, the drug Cogitum was used at a dose of 10 ml of a drinking solution per day for 30 days. RESULTS: In was shown that children from the study group were characterized by a decrease in working memory (7.8±2.9 vs 14.9±5.4), a statistically significant increase in SCT scores (p<0.05), a significantly greater degree of inattention and impulsivity with a tendency to an increase in the number of errors in the second half of the TOVA test (p<0.05). Comparative analysis of EEG relative power data showed a statistically significant increase in the power of waves in the alpha and theta ranges in the fronto-central leads of both hemispheres in the group of children with organic asthenic disorder (p<0.05). When re-evaluating the condition of children after treatment, a statistically significant decrease in the manifestations of asthenia on the ASS scale was recorded in 77.5% of cases. At the same time, there was a significant improvement in attention, memory, and indicators characterizing a low cognitive pace. The results of an electroencephalographic study after a course of treatment showed a decrease in the relative power of the EEG in the theta and alpha ranges in the anterior sections of the cerebral cortex (p<0.05), which indicates an increase in the level of activation of neocortical structures. CONCLUSION: Thus, the use of the drug Cogitum for the treatment of organic asthenic disorder leads not only to a decrease in asthenia and cognitive impairment, but also to an improvement in the functional state of the brain.

[Cognitive disorders in burnout syndrome]. / Kognitivnye narusheniya pri sindrome emotsional'nogo vygoraniya.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impairment of cognitive functions in patients with different stages of the burnout syndrome (BS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 78 patients aged 25-45 years (average age 36.9±9.5 years) were examined, which at the BS stage were divided into two subgroups: Residence (51.3%, n=40) and Exhaustion (48.7%, n=38). The control group consisted of 106 practically healthy (average age 36.3±7.2 years) The following methods were used: Russian-language version of the MBI questionnaire, questionnaire to diagnose the level of emotional burnout by V.V. Boyko, questionnaire CFQ, method «Learning 10 words¼ by A.R. Luria, registration of cognitive evoked potentials (EP) in the psychophysiological visual test VCPT. RESULTS: Subjective symptoms of memory loss were in 47 patients (60.3% of the total number of patients with EBS): 17 patients (42.5%) from the subgroup Resistance and 30 patients (78.9%) from the subgroup Exhaustion. The quantitative evaluation of the subjective symptoms in the CFQ test showed a reliable increase in all patient groups (p<0.05) and especially in the subgroup Exhaustion. There was statistically reliable decrease of the P200 component in subgroup Resistence and control group in the alloys Cz (p<0.001) and Fz (p<0.001), as well as statistically reliable reduction of the P300 component in the indicated leads (Cz (p<0.001) and Pz (p<0.001)) in patients in the subgroup Resistance. Most BS patients had cognitive complaints that were more common at the Exhaustion stage. At the same time, objective cognitive impairments were detected only in patients at the stage of Exhaustion. Only the long-term memory is affected. Psychophysiological research has shown a decrease in the level of attention in both subgroups, which demonstrated an increased impairment of mental processes. CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment in patients with BS manifests in various forms of attention, memory impairment, and performance degradation in the resistance and exhaustion phases, and can result from high asthenization.

[Cognitive disorders in children with dyscalculia]. / Kognitivnye narusheniya u detei s diskal'kuliei.

OBJECTIVE: This study was to study the features of cognitive disorders in children with dyscalculia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main study group included 48 children aged 8 to 10 years with manifestations of dyscalculia. The control group consisted of 30 children aged 8 to 10 years without manifestations of learning disabilities and other neuropsychiatric disorders. The following research methods were used in the work: the SNAP-IY scale for assessing concomitant manifestations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the L.D. Malkova, «Working memory¼ technique for the quantitative assessment of working memory, TOVA computer test for the quantitative assessment of attention disorders and impulsiveness. RESULTS: The study showed that only in 4 cases (8.3%) dyscalculia was of an isolated nature, without concomitant neuropsychiatric disorders. Most often, manifestations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were recorded in children with dyscalculia - 33 (68.8%) children and manifestations of other learning disorders (dyslexia - 27 (56.3%) children, dysgraphia - 22 (45.8%) children). In 20 (41.7%) cases, children in the study group had asthenic symptoms. When comparing the results of working memory testing in the study group, the number of correct answers was significantly lower than in the control group. Indicators of the TOVA psychophysiological test in children with dyscalculia showed a statistically significant increase in the number of inattention errors both in the first and second half of the test, compared with children from the control group. CONCLUSION: Thus, dyscalculia should be considered not only as a disorder of arithmetic skills, but also as a disorder based on multiple cognitive dysfunctions, such as working memory dysfunction, dysfunction of attention.

[Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. / Farmakoterapiya i psikhoterapiya detei s sindromom defitsita vnimaniya s giperaktivnost'yu.

The article presents a review of scientific publications devoted to the main psychotherapeutic approaches that have shown their effectiveness in correcting behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). The principles of psychotherapeutic methods are outlined to reduce the severity of the main symptoms of ADHD and improve the social adaptation of children with this disease. Approaches to the drug therapy of ADHD and the results of studies on the effectiveness of various drugs used to treat this pathology are considered.

[Clinical and psychological manifestations of emotional burnout in mothers of children with neuropsychiatric diseases (on a model of ADHD)]. / Kliniko-psikhologicheskie proyavleniya emotsional'nogo vygoraniya u materei detei s psikhonevrologicheskimi zabolevaniyami (na modeli SDVG).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Pantogam aktiv in the treatment of clinical manifestations of burnout in mothers of children with ADHD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Under observation were 108 mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aged 25 to 50 years, who had symptoms of burnout in the clinical picture during the initial visit. The following research methods were used in the work: clinical history taking, neurological examination, S. Maslach questionnaire for assessing the burnout manifestations, subjective asthenia rating scale (MFI-20) with five subscales, digital fatigue rating scale (10-point variant), quantitative assessment of autonomic changes (questionnaire A.M. Wein), Spielberger-Khanin Scale for assessing emotional disorders, psychophysiological study of cognitive functions: test of attention variables TOVA (the Test of Variables of Attention). For the treatment of patients, the drug Pantogam Active was used in capsules of 300 mg, at a daily dose of 900 mg (2 capsules in the morning and 1 capsule in the afternoon) for 8 weeks. RESULTS: A re-examination after a course of treatment showed improvement in 68.5% of patients. After treatment, there was a significant decrease in the severity of such indicators of burnout as emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, a significant decrease in the average values according to the A.M. Wayne, a decrease in reactive anxiety, a statistically significant improvement in attention and a decrease in impulsivity (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Thus, the results of the study indicate that the use of Pantogam active in the treatment of clinical manifestations of parental burnout is characterized by high efficiency. After treatment, there is a significant decrease in fatigue, asthenia, anxiety, and total indicators characterizing burnout. The data obtained make it possible to recommend the use of Pantogam aktiv in the treatment of clinical manifestations of parents burnout in children with neurological diseases.

[Disorders of social cognition in children]. / Narusheniya sotsial'nogo poznaniya u detei.

The article presents an overview of scientific publications devoted to the study of social cognition as a separate cognitive function and its role in the formation of normal mental development. Modern ideas about the « theory of mind « and its neurobiological foundations are considered. The results of studies of social competence in children with autism, specific language impairment, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and specific learning disorder are presented. The main neurocognitive deficits observed in violation of social cognition in children and the possibility of their pharmacological correction are considered.

[Clinical and psychophysiological manifestations of dyscalculia in children]. / Kliniko-psikhofiziologicheskie proyavleniya diskal'kulii u detei.

The article presents an overview of scientific publications devoted to the study of dyscalculia. Present-day data on the prevalence of this pathology, the features of the clinical picture, and theories of neurocognitive deficit underlying the disorder in the processing of numerical information are presented. The results of neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies devoted to the study of the features of the functional activity of various brain structures in dyscalculia are considered.

[Emotional and behavioral dysregulation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. / Narusheniya emotsional'noi i povedencheskoi regulyatsii u detei s sindromom defitsita vnimaniya s giperaktivnost'yu.

OBJECTIVE: To study disorders of emotional regulation in different types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 58 children suffering from ADHD, aged 12 to 15 years were divided into 2 subgroups (38 children with a combined form of ADHD and 20 children with ADHD with a predominance of inattention). The control group consisted of 30 children without manifestations of neuropsychiatric disorders. The following research methods were used in the work: the SNAP-IY scale to assess the severity of the disease; the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SCT), a form for parents to assess emotional and behavioral impairments; Spielberger's self-assessment test in the processing of Khanin to assess the level of anxiety; spectral analysis of the EEG with the construction of graphical power spectra and registration of evoked potentials (EP) with the performance of an attention test in the Go/No-Go paradigm. RESULTS: The results of the study showed the presence of emotional and behavioral disorders in children with ADHD, more pronounced in the combined form of the disease. Complaints of emotional lability, tearfulness, irritability were noted in 53 children with ADHD in the study group (61.6%). At the same time, these complaints were registered in 39 children from the first group (72.2%) and 14 children from the second group (43.8%). The level of inattention was approximately the same (3.21±0.64 and 3.43±0.56, respectively), while the level of hyperactivity and impulsivity in adolescents from the first group was significantly higher (3.18±0.54, p<0.01). Indicators of the SCT scale, as a total indicator (3.4±1.6, p<0.01), and on the scales of «behavior problems¼ (7.4±1.6, p<0.01), «emotional problems¼ (8.0±1.6, p<0.01), «problems with peers¼ (7.6±1.3, p<0.01), «prosocial behavior¼ (3.4±1.6, p<0.01) were significantly higher in the subgroup of children from the first group. The performed statistical analysis of the test data for attention in the Go/No-Go paradigm revealed significant differences (p<0.01) in the number of omissions of significant pairs of stimuli between healthy children and a subgroup with ADHD with a predominance of inattention, between healthy children and a subgroup with combined form ADHD. When comparing evoked EEG synchronization in the theta range under Go conditions, we found a significant decrease in this parameter in the range of 200-400 ms in the subgroup of children with ADHD with a predominance of inattention and in the subgroup of ADHD with a combined form; under No-Go conditions, a significant decrease in the magnitude of evoked EEG synchronization was revealed in a subgroup of children with combined form ADHD. CONCLUSION: In general, the results of this study allow us to conclude that impaired cognitive control has a large impact on the development of emotional disorders in children with ADHD.

[Functional cognitive disorders]. / Funktsional'nye kognitivnye narusheniya.

The article provides an overview of scientific publications devoted to the study of the problem of functional cognitive disorders (FCD), which are one of the variants of functional neurological disorders (FND). The authors provide data on the frequency of occurrence of this pathology, the differences between the concepts of FCD and «subjective cognitive disorders¼ (dissociative (conversion) disorders - F44). The authors show the traditional views on the study of this pathology in the mainstream of hysterical disorders. The modern concepts of information processing disorders as a mechanism of FCD development are considered. Special attention is paid to the role of executive dysfunction in the genesis of FCD. The descriptions of the main clinical manifestations of FCD are given. The basic principles of diagnostic examination of patients with FCD are considered. The article presents modern approaches to the therapy of FCD, with special attention paid to psychotherapeutic correction in this pathology.

[Clinical features of asthenia in the context of adjustment disorders]. / Klinicheskie osobennosti astenii v ramkakh rasstroistv adaptatsii.

OBJECTIVE: To study asthenic symptoms in patients with adjustment disorders and to assess the efficacy of cytoflavin in their treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 100 patients, aged 20 to 43 years, with a diagnosis of adjustment disorder. Clinical, neurophysiological and parametric methods were used. An asthenic state scale, the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), a digital rating scale (a 10-point variant) and the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), the Psychological Stress Measure (PSM-25), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) were administered. Cytoflavin was used in a dose of 2 tab. 2 times a day for 25 days for the treatment of patients from the study group. RESULTS: In the study group, 48.0% of patients had a pronounced degree of asthenia, and 52% had a moderate one. The clinical improvement was achieved in 73.0%. In the subgroup with moderate asthenia, the improvement was recorded in 88.5% of cases, in the subgroup of patients with severe asthenia in 56.3% of patients. There was a significant decrease in the severity of indicators on the scales of general asthenia, decreased activity and mental asthenia; a significant decrease in the integral indicator of mental tension, a significant improvement in the indicator of attention, a decrease in the frequency and intensity of headache. The improvement in the functional state of the brain in the form of a decrease in the power of the alpha rhythm in the anterior cerebral cortex was shown. CONCLUSION: The results of the study allow us to conclude that the use of cytoflavin is effective in the treatment of adjustment disorders.

[Behavioral disorders in children with specific language impairment]. / Povedencheskie narusheniya u detei s rasstroistvami rechevogo razvitiya.

OBJECTIVE: To study emotional and behavioral disorders in children with specific language impairment (SLI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group included 60 children with a diagnosis of specific expressive language impairment at the age of 4-6 years. The following methods were used to assess emotional and behavioral disorders: the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the SNAP-IV scale, and the Questionnaire created by G.P. Lavrentieva and T.M. Titarenko. To objectify the severity of speech disorders, 10-point scales were used, assessing the level of comprehension of the addressed speech, the volume of the active vocabulary and the lexico-grammatical structure of speech. The control group consisted of 30 children of the same age without psycho-neurological disorders. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Speech disorders in children are often combined with behavioral disorders (61.7%). Children with SLI have significant attention disorders, hyperactivity and difficulties in relationships with peers compared with the control group. A comparative study shows that combined SLI and behavioral disorders lead to a more severe course of speech impairment.

[Executive functions disorders in children with dyslexia]. / Narusheniya upravlyayushchikh funktsii u detei s disleksiei.

OBJECTIVE: To study the severity of disorders of executive functions in children with dyslexia and to assess the effectiveness of treatment of this pathology with cortexin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main study group included 60 children, aged 8-11 years, with a specific reading disorder (F.81.0). Reading skills were assessed using methods of T.A. Fotekova, T.V. Akhutina. Diagnostic examination included neurological examination with dyspraxia test, electroencephalography with visual and quantitative analysis. To objectify the severity of memory impairments, the «Working memory¼ technique was used. Attention and impulsivity disorders were quantified using SNAP-IY and the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA). The control group consisted of 60 children of the same age without symptoms of dyslexia. Cortexin was used to treat 30 patients from the study group, 30 patients received encephabol. A control study to analyze the effectiveness of the therapy was carried out one month after the end of therapy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Children with dyslexia are characterized by a higher level of inattention and impulsivity, as well as significantly lower indicators of working memory compared to children from the control group. The decrease in attention and working memory as well as an increased level of impulsivity are manifestations of impaired executive functions in children with dyslexia. The results of the control study after treatment showed a significant increase in reading skills in both groups. In addition, there was an improvement in indicators of attention and working memory. However, the effectiveness of treatment with cortexin was slightly higher compared to encephabol (improvement was noted in 73.3% and 60.0%of patients, respectively). According to a comparative analysis of EEG results, after a course of treatment with cortexin, children with dyslexia have significant neurophysiological changes that indicate the activation of the brain regulatory systems.

[Functional neurological disorders]. / Funktsional'nye nevrologicheskie rasstroistva.

This paper reviews the literature on functional neurological disorders (Dissociative (conversion disorders - F44). The authors present a change in views on the etiology and the main mechanisms of the pathogenesis of this pathology during the period of its study. The modern ideas about the types of cerebral dysfunction characteristic of functional neurological disorders are considered. The description of the most characteristic mental and somatic symptoms observed in dissociative disorders and the features of their clinical manifestations are given. The current approaches to the therapy of functional neurological disorders are considered.

[Features of emotional regulation in children with anxiety disorders]. / Osobennosti emotsional'noi regulyatsii u detei s trevozhnymi rasstroistvami.

OBJECTIVE: Study of clinical and psychophysiological disorders in preschool children with anxiety disorders and assessment of the effectiveness of Anvifen in the treatment of this pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 64 children aged 5 to 7 years with a diagnosis of phobic disorder of childhood (F93.1). Clinical, pathophysiological and psychometric research methods were used in the work. Anvifen was used to treat 40 patients from the study group. Patient satisfaction with treatment outcomes was assessed using the Integrative Medicine Patient Satisfaction Scale (IMPSS). RESULTS: According to the data obtained, in the study group, 76.5% of patients had fear associated with health (infections, illness, death); in 68.6% of cases - fears of the death of parents; in 57.5% of cases - fear of the dark; in 40.6% of cases - fears of loneliness; in 31.2% of cases - fears related to the educational institution; in 28.1% - fear of animals, as well as a lower level of emotional identification and a significantly higher level of impulsivity than in the control group. Sleep disorders were recorded in 87.5% of children from the study group. After the course of treatment, an improvement in the condition was noted in 70.0% of children in the form of a decrease in anxiety, impulsivity and an improvement in falling asleep and a decrease in the number of awakenings. CONCLUSION: The use of Anvifen leads to a significant improvement in the quality of sleep and a decrease in signs of anxiety before sleep and signs of impaired quality of wakefulness, which allows us to conclude that Anvifen is effective in treating anxiety disorders in children.

[Dyslexia as a multideficit disorder]. / Disleksiya kak mnogofaktornoe rasstroistvo.

The article provides a review of research on dyslexia. Various views on the role of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder are examined. The results of neurophysiological and neuropsychological studies are presented, indicating a disturbance of some higher mental functions in dyslexia. The main neurocognitive deficits observed in dyslexia are considered: a disturbance of certain parameters of attention and working memory, a decrease in the speed of information processing, and insufficient automation of new skills. Based on the data presented, dyslexia appears to be a multifactorial and multideficit disorder.

[Electroencephalographic signs of burnout syndrome]. / Elektroentsefalograficheskie proyavleniya sindroma emotsional'nogo vygoraniya.

OBJECTIVE: To study the electroencephalographic manifestations of the various stages of burnout syndrome (BS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A quantitative analysis of the EEG of 131 patients, aged 25 to 45 years, with BS was performed. The control group included 143 people. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: An increase in dysfunction of the regulatory systems of the brain, which is correlated with an increase in the severity of the clinical manifestations of BS, is identified at different stages of this disorder. An increase in exhaustion of the regulatory systems of the brain is observed and a steady pathological condition is formed.

[Asthenic disorders. History and modernity]. / Astenicheskie rasstroistva. Istoriya i sovremennost'.

The article presents a review of publications devoted to asthenic disorders. The authors consider the various views on the etiology and basic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of asthenia and features of clinical manifestations of various diseases with asthenia as a key syndrome, as well as modern approaches to the treatment of these disorders.

[Disturbances of executive functions in children with emotional and behavioral dysregulation]. / Narusheniya upravlyayushchikh funktsii u detei s emotsional'noi i povedencheskoi disregulyatsiei.

OBJECTIVE: To study a role of executive functions in the development of organic emotionally labile (asthenic) disorder (OELD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 66 patients, aged 6 to 8 years, including 36 children with OELD and 30 children with ODD. Fatigue was assessed by parents on a 10-point digital rating scale. SNAP-IV questionnaire for evaluation of severity of behavioral disorders, the "Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire" for assessment of emotional and behavioral disorders, the anxiety test of P. Temple, M. Dorkey and V. Amen, A.R. Luria test for auditory-speech memory and the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) were used. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A significantly greater severity of cognitive and emotional impairment in the group of children with OELD is identified. The data suggest that if the insufficiency of functions regulating the activation of behavior and impaired cognitive control of behavior is important in the pathogenesis of OELD, then behavioral self-regulation disorders associated with emotional reinforcement play a leading role in children with ODD.